ON THE VALIDITY OF AFFECTIVE VARIABLES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: CONCEPTUAL, CONTEXTUAL, AND STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 1

R. C. Gardner

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EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning Education, Achievement, and Giftedness Second Language Acquisition and Learning

Abstract

This article reviews the proposition that achievement in a second language is related to attitudinal/motivational characteristics of the students. It uses as its starting point articles by Oller and Perkins, and demonstrates that their generalizations that such relationships are weak, and that they are due to the spurious effects of verbal intelligence and language proficiency are not founded in fact. Statistical, contextual, and conceptual issues relevant to their criticisms of this research area are reviewed, as are much more parsimonious interpretations of so‐called “strange” findings. It is recommended that rather than argue over hypothetical relationships, we direct our research attention to unravelling the mysteries of second language acquisition, to the benefit of students and teachers alike.

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References

1972Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning 1959Motivational variables in second-language acquisition.1979Language and Social Psychology 2017The American Journal of Sociology 1967A Social Psychology of Bilingualism 1977Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of Francophones learning English.1976Second-Language Learning: A Social Psychological Perspective 1977ATTITUDES AND ATTAINED PROFICIENCY IN ESL: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF NATIVE SPEAKERS OF CHINESE IN THE UNITED STATES

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2006Journal of Institutional Research 2000Student Motivation to Learn English as a Foreign Language 2012A Measure of EFL Public Speaking Class Anxiety: Scale Development and Preliminary Validation and Reliability 1987Some Applications of Cognitive Theory to Second Language Acquisition 2011Attitudes and Motivation in learning English as Second Language in high school students 1987Motivation and Cultural Distance in Second‐Language Acquisition

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