Self-evaluations of competence, task values, and self-esteem.

Abstract

Over the last 10 years, there have been extensive discussions in media and academic publication outlets regarding the costs of adolescence for females in terms of mental health, self-esteem, and identity. For example, the American Association of University Women (AAUW; 1990) reported marked declines in girls ’ self-confidence during the early adolescent years. Similarly, Carol Gilligan (1990) has reported that girls lose confidence in their ability to express their needs and opinions as they move into the early adolescent years; she referred to this process as “losing one’s voice.” Finally, Mary Pipher (1994), in her very popular book Reviving Opheliu, outlined a variety of ways in which young female adolescents lose confi-dence in themselves and become depressed. We wish to thank all of our colleagues and former students who have worked with us in

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