Table of Contents

Abstract

Abstract Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Current Challenges and Controversies for Learning Assistance Lack of Knowledge About the History of Learning Assistance Challenges of Shifting Perceptions and Values Financial Challenges for Learning Assistance Summary History of Learning Assistance in U.S. Postsecondary Education Phase One: 1600s to 1820s Phase Two: 1830s to 1860s Phase Three: 1870s to Mid‐1940s Phase Four: Mid‐1940s to 1970s Phase Five: 1970s to Mid‐1990s Phase Six: Mid‐1990s to the Present Summary The Current Nature and Scope of Learning Assistance Annual Scope of Learning Assistance Cost Estimates for Providing Learning Assistance Approaches to and Systems of Learning Assistance The Institution's Requirements for Change Summary Best Practices and Models in Learning Assistance Educational Theories and Pedagogies Evidence‐Based Best Practices Categories of Best Practices The Future of the Field Recommendations for Future Research Recommendations for Change Summary References Name Index Subject Index About the Author

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