The Learner Control Principle in Multimedia Learning

Abstract

Worked examples consist of a problem formulation and the final solution. This chapter elaborates on the worked examples principle. Example-based multimedia learning environments typically provide multiple representations and information sources. Coordinating the use of these multiples poses substantial demands on learners. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning of R.E. Mayer and the cognitive load theory of J. Sweller and colleagues both emphasize that learning processes are highly vulnerable to extraneous demands in multimedia based learning arrangements. Findings on worked examples provide a very striking confirmation of these assumptions. Three major limitations refer to restricted knowledge about learning from worked examples in classrooms, the boundary conditions of the instructional principles, and their interrelations. The chapter also outlines a set of instructional principles that usually lead to enhanced learning outcomes. More theoretical and empirical analyses are necessary to gain profound understanding of how the interplay between these principles works.

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